恐龙国度的新发现
乐虎游戏国际的古生物学家和学生们在蒙大拿州的荒地上发现了重要的恐龙化石,包括一个可能的新物种.
这是蒙大拿州东部荒地7月潮湿的一天, the midmorning temperature already edging up toward the triple digits. 被野火烟雾笼罩着, 太阳在山峦上投射出原始的光芒,这些山峦是由亿万年的沉积物堆积起来的,被风和水侵蚀殆尽.
Greg Wilson Mantilla, curator of vertebrate paleontology at the 乐虎游戏’s 伯克自然历史和文化博物馆他向外示意,这里曾经是一个非常不同的地方.
“这是恐龙的国度,”他说.
大约6600万年前, a Triceratops took its last breath a few feet from where Wilson Mantilla now stands. 古代的土地肥沃, 河流纵横交错,从年轻的落基山脉蜿蜒向东流入北美内海. 地狱溪组(即现在所知的沉积岩层)充满了植物和动物- ,以恐龙为主. After Triceratops died here, it was eventually entombed in mud. 直到现在.
Behind Wilson Mantilla is Kelsie Abrams, paleontology fossil lab manager at the Burke. She spends most of her time in a climate-controlled laboratory, 精心准备化石 来自世界各地. 但每年有两周的时间,她会前往遥远的挖掘地点, 为化石开采和保存提供建议, and managing teams of volunteers like those now gathered on a hillside of soft mudstone, 挤在部分出土的三角龙周围.
Joining Wilson Mantilla and Abrams are a 乐虎游戏-trained paleobiologist, 四名乐虎游戏国际的学生和刚毕业的学生, 还有其他学生和志愿者. 他们来到这个偏远的地方是为了一个有抱负的古生物学家一生的机会:站在恐龙发现的第一线.
While volunteers shovel rock from the perimeter and carefully pry mudstone from fossilized bone, 艾布拉姆斯推测,这只三角龙是被食腐动物咬干净的,或者是被流水扔来扔去的——被散落成拼图碎片,她将在实验室里重新组装. Then, she and a couple of students kick around ideas for a murder mystery. 毕竟他们是侦探.
这就是吸引许多初出茅庐的古生物学家的地方:能够揭开现在的面纱,回顾遥远的过去, 人类从未见过的生物在地球上游荡. 并且更多地了解它们的灭绝——以及在它们的地方崛起的物种——对今天的乐虎游戏意味着什么.

在空中观察他的牛群时, a rancher spotted a Triceratops horn poking out of a hillside.
寻找飞人
How did the team know there were fossils here in the first place? 这段旅程始于2019年, 当时蒙大拿州一名牧场主驾驶飞机飞越了他从土地管理局租来的土地. 在空中观察他的牛群时, he noticed something peculiar poking out of a hillside.
牧场主告诉Wilson Mantilla, his go-to contact about fossil discoveries on his land for nearly a decade. Experts would eventually confirm it was the horn of a Triceratops (a “trike,在古生物学俚语中)——一种大型食草动物,与它的敌人一起在白垩纪晚期的陆地上游荡, T. rex, until the mass-extinction event that brought an end to the age of the dinosaurs. In the rancher’s honor, Wilson Mantilla dubbed it the Flyby Trike.
因为疫情推迟了一年, 威尔逊·曼蒂拉和艾布拉姆斯清空了2021年7月的日程,召集了一队来自乐虎游戏国际和其他大学的志愿者和学生. K-12教育工作者 狄格野外学校 项目也会帮助挖掘工作, bringing their firsthand experience back to students in Washington and across the country.
离三轮车出事地点只有几百码, 获得许可的勘探者们沿着“漂浮物”的痕迹——从山上漂下来的肌腱和骨头化石碎片——像面包屑一样找到了它们的起源, 又发现了两种恐龙化石. 距离主星群六英里, a prospector had helped Wilson Mantilla find yet another fossil with great promise.
挖掘工作正在进行.

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伊泽贝尔·鲁伊斯,22年
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志愿者徒步前往Flyby Trike挖掘现场
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韩尧,20年
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简单的工具却能完成重要的工作
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Flyby Trike挖掘现场
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艾迪·阿姆斯特朗,20年
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在挖掘营地吃晚餐
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Ezekiel Augustine, 23年
行业工具
每天到达主要的挖掘地点后, 志愿者肩背背包, 准备好装备和装满佳得乐的冷却器, 开始徒步寻找三种化石之一:三角龙, 鸭嘴龙(鸭嘴食草动物)或兽脚亚目恐龙(食肉恐龙,包括暴龙和伶盗龙). 一个较小的团队正在挖掘第四个化石, 这是一种罕见的兽脚亚目恐龙,它给整个群体带来了新的期待:它可能是一个全新的物种.
As they walk, they swat at black flies and pull their hat brims down for shade. 如果凿子, 刷子和铲子是挖掘的必备工具, 防晒霜也是如此, bug spray and plenty of fluids — especially in eastern Montana at the height of summer.
在这一天, 乐虎游戏国际的学生伊泽贝尔·鲁伊斯, ’22, 跪在一大块三角龙的褶边——那块独特的装甲板延伸到它巨大的头部——小心地用岩锤的尖端撬开可能是另一块骨头的泥岩. 华大毕业生韩瑶, ’20, 采取更温和的方法, brushing dirt off a large bone fragment that appears to be in danger of shattering. 艾布拉姆斯用一种特殊的胶水覆盖它,以保护它,直到她能在实验室里仔细地将化石从岩石中分离出来.
鲁伊斯 pauses for a swig of Gatorade and hunkers under the tattered tarp overhead, 能找到什么树荫就找什么. She wipes sweat from her brow and rests for a moment as the 叮叮铃s of rock hammers echo around her, gradually uncovering more of Triceratops. 然后,再回去工作.
这是一个有抱负的古生物学家一生的机会:站在恐龙发现的第一线.
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Hauling out a jacketed theropod required teamwork — and a tractor.
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在弗莱比·三轮车现场发现了骨髓化石
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The ball on the back of Triceratops skull, nicknamed the "trailer hitch."
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化石被石膏包裹着以作保护.
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Abrams prepares plaster strips to begin jacketing the Flyby Trike.
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夹带兽脚亚目恐龙化石,可以运输了
发掘线索
一项新发现的可能性为二年级转学生齐克·奥古斯丁已经达到的高峰体验增添了一份兴奋, ’23. 他刚从较小的工地回来, where he helped excavate what could be a new species or might be a “chicken from hell,这是古生物学家对罕见的Anzu wyliei的昵称——一种11英尺长的兽脚亚目恐龙,估计体重可达650磅. 的脊椎, Wilson Mantilla说, 对窃蛋龙群是准确的吗, 化石的大小与Anzu属相似. They’ll learn more as it’s studied back in the Fossil Preparation Lab, 但奥古斯汀, 一个终生的恐龙爱好者, 帮助确定了线索:骨盆, 椎骨, limbs and a four-inch claw that Wilson Mantilla describes as “visceral.”
今天,奥古斯丁带着更大的团队回来了, 重点是一种更常见的鸭嘴龙——但挖掘任何恐龙都是古生物学的梦想.
These aren’t the fossils you see in the movies, standing out a distinct white against the dirt. Fossils form when dissolved minerals seep into and replace organic material, 结晶成原始骨骼的形状. That’s why you don’t use high-tech equipment to scan the ground, explains Wilson Mantilla — it would be like trying to discern rock from rock. 你必须挖,而且要小心.
更重要的是, fossils are rarely found complete and intact — they’re often scattered by scavengers, 在水里翻滚,或在土里磨碎. That’s the case with the hadrosaur that Augustine and Eddie Armstrong, ’20, 今天在工作, 和志愿者文斯·布鲁卡斯一起., who goes on dinosaur digs every year with his wife and son.
研究小组发现了鸭嘴龙的臀部和腿部, 大部分化石已经用石膏包裹起来,以便保护和安全运输回伯克. Augustine and Armstrong are down on all fours carefully unearthing several 椎骨, 它们在混杂的泥岩上显得格外光滑.
当天晚些时候, 志愿者们帮助把另一块用灰泥包裹的兽脚亚目恐龙化石——一种鸵鸟大小的动物的髋骨——搬到一个托盘上, 然后牧场主用他的拖拉机把它吊上山,装进布鲁斯卡斯的皮卡,安全运回伯克.

志愿者们小心地清理鸭嘴龙脊椎骨上的污垢.

A Triceratops tooth is covered with a layer of glue to keep it intact.
一种罕见的兽脚亚目化石给这群人带来了新的期待:它可能是一个全新的物种.

横跨蒙大拿部分地区, 怀俄明和达科他, 地狱溪组是一个大约300英尺的沉积岩层,形成于6600万到6600万年前. It is arguably the best place in the world to find fossils from the Late Cretaceous.
过去的未来
经过一个月的挖掘, 艾布拉姆斯和威尔逊·曼蒂拉很明显:挖掘队今年不能挖掘三角龙了. The more they expand the perimeter around it, the more fossil they find. There’s plenty left to be unearthed, and they’re running out of time. So, 保护它免受冬天恶劣天气的影响, they cover it in insulating plaster and shovel mudstone on top.
威尔逊·曼蒂亚和艾布拉姆斯期待着明年再来,尤其是因为伯克博物馆还没有三角龙的头骨, only a cast — they’re thrilled about what their team uncovered. 比较常见的鸭嘴龙和兽脚亚目恐龙, 还有种子壳化石和琥珀, will add to their knowledge of the area’s biodiversity at the end of the age of dinosaurs. 还有另一个挖掘点的兽脚亚目恐龙, 无论是罕见的Anzu wyliei还是属内的新种, 将为地狱溪的多样化生态系统带来新的曙光.
“乐虎游戏收集的每一块化石都有助于增强乐虎游戏对最后一个恐龙主导的生态系统和第一个哺乳动物主导的生态系统的看法,Wilson Mantilla说, who’s interested in how mammals rose to prominence as dinosaurs were largely erased from Earth. “With these, we can better understand the fragility, collapse and assembly of ecosystems.”
鲁伊斯, 姚, 奥古斯丁和阿姆斯特朗带着他们自己的东西回来了:现实生活中的实地挖掘经验,以补充他们的课堂学习,并帮助他们实现成为古生物学家的梦想.
Someday, they too could help contribute to our knowledge of what once was and what might be. In fact, Wilson Mantilla and Abrams would say, they already have.
“This is not just Kelsie or me doing something,Wilson Mantilla说. “这是一个完整的团队,每个球员都扮演着重要的角色.”
摄影由达纳布鲁克斯,' 21,和丹尼斯怀斯. All activity and photography followed the COVID-19 safety protocols at the time.
最初发布于2021年11月

除了骨头化石, 挖掘队发现了树脂化石, 或者琥珀色(如图), 还有豆荚.

包裹着化石,准备带回伯克博物馆
鸭嘴龙的股骨有多大? 兽脚亚目恐龙的髋骨长什么样? Did Burke volunteers uncover an Anzu wyliei or a new species? 以及如何, 完全, do you go from jumbled bones encased in hardened mud to a fossil displayed in all its glory?
你自己看看: 伯克博物馆的游客现在可以看到古生物学家从鸭嘴龙和兽脚亚目恐龙身上移除岩石. 这四只恐龙将代表土地管理局为公众托管,并成为伯克博物馆藏品的一部分.
参观伯克了解更多乐虎游戏地狱溪恐龙的知识
最初发布于2021年11月